![]() Our review gives insight into the interplay between technical parameters such sampling method, data rate and a technique’s real-time imaging potential in the operating room. In this review we compare and contrast close to twenty candidate imaging techniques based on their underlying biological substrate, technical characteristics and ability to meet clinical constraints such as compatibility with surgical workflow. A wealth of especially experimental imaging techniques show unique potential to improve intra-operative decision-making and neurosurgical safety, and as an added bonus, improve our fundamental neuroscientific understanding of human brain function. However, current neurosurgical practice has yet to fully harness this potential as it pre-dominantly relies on inherently limited techniques such as electrical stimulation to provide functional feedback to guide surgical decision-making. Real-time functional maps of the exposed brain are vital to ensuring safe and effective navigation during these neurosurgical procedures. When the brain is exposed, such as after a craniotomy in neurosurgical procedures, we are provided with the unique opportunity for real-time imaging of brain functionality. ![]() 4Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.3Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.2Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.1Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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